Suspects, without sufficient basis, that others are exploiting, harming, or deceiving him or her.Ģ. The DSM-5 mentions the following diagnostic criteria for Paranoid Personality Disorder:Ī pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four (or more) of the following:ġ. It is possible for paranoia to be a product of physiological factors, such as brain injury or hearing loss, in which cases tests may be carried out to rule out physical causes. This is also a reason contributing to the paucity of literature and empirical evidence pertaining to the disorder.Ī thorough clinical assessment is vital in the determination of a diagnosis of Paranoid Personality Disorder, including a detailed case history. Perhaps owing to the nature of symptomatology, embodying feelings of suspicion and distrust, it is uncommon for individuals with Paranoid Personality Disorder to present themselves in clinical settings. Links with Paranoid Personality Disorder and paranoia in general have also been made with factors such as low self-esteem and shame. Physical abuse, both chronic and acute, has been related to the presentation of Paranoid Personality Disorder traits. The genetic factors of Paranoid Personality Disorder are outlined by evidence of individuals with the disorder having relatives diagnosed with Schizophrenia, as well as having some genetic link to Delusional Disorder.Ī considerably strong association has also been made with the experience of childhood trauma, as well as negative experiences including emotional and physical neglect. Paranoid Personality Disorder has also been associated with certain sociodemographic characteristics such as low income, relationship history of widowhood, divorce, separation, or being single, as well as social stress. The onset of symptomatology may be present as early as in childhood and adolescence, observable through factors such as being alone and not having good friendships or getting along with peers, being anxious in social settings, academic underachievement, odd thoughts and language, and distinctly peculiar fantasies. There is an incongruence in epidemiological samples, which present a female preponderance, and clinical samples, which seem to present a male preponderance of Paranoid Personality Disorder.
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